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E Curt Allen's avatar

It’s worth noting that the idea of the Logos didn’t originate with Christianity. The term comes from Heraclitus, a Greek philosopher who described the Logos as the rational principle or order behind the flux of reality. Later, in Alexandria, the Jewish philosopher Philo Judaeus reinterpreted this Logos concept through a Hebrew lens. He identified the Logos with figures like the Angel of the Lord in the Hebrew Scriptures: a divine intermediary, not unlike a proto-Christological figure.

So when John 1:14 says “the Logos became sarx (flesh),” it wasn’t a radically new theological idea. In fact, Greco-Roman culture already had categories for divine figures becoming flesh. Heroes like Heracles, Asclepius, and Dionysus were all understood as sons of Zeus who embodied a fusion of divinity and mortality.

This connection was made explicit by Justin Martyr around 150 CE. He argued that Christians should not be persecuted for believing in a divine-human savior since Greeks already accepted the same idea in their mythology. He pointed directly to the similarities between Jesus and the sons of Zeus to make his case.

Even later, in the 5th century, the poet Nonnus of Panopolis wrote elaborate mythological verse about Dionysus undergoing kenosis (a self-emptying and embodiment) and then applied the same poetic-theological framework to his Gospel of John epic.

So when John describes Jesus as the Logos made flesh, he isn’t inventing a new metaphysics. He’s positioning Jesus within an already existing Greco-Jewish conceptual landscape, where divine intermediaries and incarnate gods were familiar, not foreign.

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